平常學習東西都是閱讀原文為主,雖然閱讀的速度和理解都不成問題,不過總有許多次看不懂的情況發生,感覺我對英文的文章結構還是有不了解的地方,再想到如果我要開口說英文,那了解句子的結構是不是會更加幫助我更順利且流利的說英文呢?
EX : I like. (我喜歡)
有時主詞可以被省略,變成命令句,此時動詞必須為原形,其實在前面省略了You should
EX : Work. (工作)
二.主詞
從概念看來句子裡最重要的就是主詞,你一定要先知道句子的主詞是什麼才能了解他的意思
而主詞可由以下幾個代表
1.名詞
2.代名詞
3.動名詞或不定詞片語
4.名詞子句
5.名詞片語
6.表距離的副詞子句
以下為解說
1.名詞
舉凡為名詞的字彙都可當主詞
EX : The world is so beautiful. (這世界很漂亮)
2.代名詞
EX : It spends much time to learn English. (需要花很多時間學習英文)
EX : He is good at English.(他英文很好)
3.動名詞或不定詞片語
動詞不能直接做為主詞,一定要變成動名詞或不定詞才可使用
動名詞 : 在動詞後加上ing , 通常表示為曾經做過的經驗或是已知事實
不定詞片語 : 在動詞前加上 To ,通常表示尚未完成的目的及想要做的事
EX : Reading is one of my favorite activity.(閱讀是我喜愛的活動之一)
EX : To travel around the world is my greatest dream.(環遊世界是我最大的夢想)
在這裡有個比較特別的事,動名詞或不定詞片語當主詞為使得主詞過長,有時反而讓閱讀不順,所以會使用 虛主詞 it 做為主詞,而把真主詞放於句尾
EX : It is interesting to learn computer science.(學習CS很有趣)
= It is interesting learning computer science.
(後面放動名詞的用法較不普遍)
例外情形:
此片語使用虛主詞時,後面一定要使用動名詞
It's no use + Ving
EX : It's no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水難收)
相關片語 :
It's no use + Ving
= It's useless + 不定詞
= It's of no use +不定詞
=There is no use/sense/point in + Ving
4.名詞子句
分為三種
a. that 子句
b. whether 子句
c. 疑問詞引導的子句
a. that 子句
因為句子是不能直接當主詞的,所以需要一個轉接頭--that
在任何句子前加上 that , 即變為 that子句
EX : He doesn't like music.(句子)
->That he doesn't like music.(名詞子句)
b. whether 子句
此子句是由可用yes/no回答的問句變化而成,通稱為一般疑問句
分為三種情形
1)有be動詞時
2)有一般助動詞時(can , may , will , should , ought to , have , must)
3)有do , does , did 助動詞時
1)有be動詞時
主詞與be動詞還原,前加whether
EX : Is he happy?
->whether he is happy.
2)有一般助動詞時
主詞與一般助動詞還原,前加whether
EX : Can he do it?
->whether he can do it.
3)有do , does , did 助動詞時
主詞與助動詞還原,並加do , does , did 去掉,並做時態改變
EX : Did he come?
->whether he came.
EX : Does he write it?
->whether he writes it.
c.疑問詞引導的子句
由what , when , where , why , how 所引導的疑問句,稱為特殊疑問句
與一般疑問句一樣有三種情形
1)有be動詞時
主詞與be動詞還原,前保留疑問詞
EX : What is this?
->What this is.
2)有一般助動詞時
主詞與一般助動詞還原,前保留疑問詞
EX : When can we go there ?
->when we can go there.
3)有do , does , did 助動詞時
主詞與助動詞還原,並消除助動詞,前保留疑問詞,並做時態改變
EX : where does he go?
->where he goes.
<注意>
who , what ,which 為疑問代名詞,做在問句中做為主詞,則結構不變
EX : Who go there?
->who go there.
EX : Which was bought?
->which was bought.
<名詞子句功能>
因名詞子句句有名詞的效果,故可做為主詞,受詞,be動詞後的主詞補語
1)做為主詞
EX : What he will do is still in doubt.(他要做什麼仍未決定)
<注意>
因做為主詞有與動名詞或不定詞片語相同的困擾 : 主詞太長
所以可以使用需主詞 it 改變
EX : It's very terrible that my brother drives so fast.(我哥開這麼快非常恐怖)
2)做為及物動詞的受詞
及物動詞(transitive verb ; vt.)會在之後做介紹, 受詞(object ; o.)
EX : I don't know that why he did it.(我不知為什麼他要這麼做)
3)做為介係詞的受詞
這是最為重要的且需要注意的地方,介係詞後不能放 that 子句
只能使用whether子句和疑問詞引導的子句
EX : I'm worried about whether he will come.(我很擔心他是否會來)
EX : I'm curious about how he will do it.(我很好奇他會怎麼做)
如果要使用that子句,有三個方法
1)介系詞 + the fact + that 子句
2)除去 that -> that 後的主詞變為所有格 -> 動詞變為動名詞
3)除去介係詞,使 that 子句做為修飾形容詞的副詞子句(此時that子句不 再是名詞子句)
其中第二個方法比較特殊,特別紀錄起來
EX : I am worried about that he plays around all day.(X)
↓
I am worried about his playing around all day. (O)
(我為他整天遊手好閒而擔心)
而這方法也有三個情況
1)that 子句裡有 do , does , did 時 ,直接去掉即可
EX : I am worried about that he doesn't study.(X)
↓
I am worried about his not studying. (O)
2)that 子句裡有 will , would 時 ,直接去掉即可
EX : I am sure of that the team will win the game.(X)
↓
I am sure of the team's winning the game. (O)
3)有以下助動詞時需做改變
may -> be likely to
can -> be able to
在將be動詞改為being
EX : I am happy about that he may come.(X)
↓
I am happy about his being likely to come.(O)
EX : I am sure of that he can do it.(X)
↓
I am sure of his being able to do it.(O)
<注意>
有幾個例外情形,介系詞後會加上that
in that = because 因為
except that 只可惜 ; 除了
notwithstanding that 儘管
=despite the fact that
=in spite of the fact that
5.名詞片語
由疑問詞+不定詞片語所組成
a)疑問副詞
EX : where to go
EX : whether to try again
因疑問副詞是副詞的性質,所以不做不定詞的受詞用
b)疑問代名詞
EX : whom to see
EX : which to buy
EX : what to do
因疑問代名詞做為名詞的使用,所以whom , which , what 做為動詞的受詞用
6.表距離的副詞子句
from + 地方名詞 + to + 地方名詞
EX : From Taipei to Taichung is about 160 kilometers.